Language of Advertising - 20371 Words

The Peculiarities of Advertising Language Moscow - 2010 Summary The peculiarities of advertising language are the subject of this graduation paper. At the beginning, in the first chapter is given a general definition of advertising language, its history. The second chapter is types of advertising (consumer advertising, media of consumer advertising). In the third chapter we consider slogans, logos, types with tone and some thoughts of†¦show more content†¦Classification of language styles†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.59 1. Belles-Letters Style†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦60 2. Publicist Style†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.60 3. Newspaper Style†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.60 4. Scientific Prose Style†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦60 5. The style of official documents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦60 Chapter XI. Psychology and Advertising†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.62 1. Social Psychological factors underlying the impact of advertising†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.62 1.1. Advertising: appealing to fun and pleasure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦64 1.2. Advertising: appealing to vanities and egos†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..66 2. Advertising and hypnosis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.67 3. Emphasizing particular properties†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦70 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦72 List of sources†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...75 Supplement 1†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦77 Supplement 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦78 Supplement 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦79 INTRODUCTION This graduation paper is devoted to the investigation of peculiarities of advertising language. However, the number of works devoted to the analysis of advertising language, is rather significant, though we witness advertising English is developing very fast. The reason is that advertising is very popular nowadays and a lot of people want to know aboutShow MoreRelatedThe Language Of Persuasion, Advertising, And Advertising1537 Words   |  7 PagesKnown as the language of persuasion, advertisements have been speaking to us consumers for as long as anyone can remember. We are constantly being bombarded by big corporations to buy their products and services. No medium is left untouched; television, social media, radio, billboards, and even other people are used as vehicles for messages a given company is trying to reinforce. With the advent of technology, it has become increasingly difficult for companies to stand out to consumers in an impactfulRead MoreLanguage of Advertising and Communication Via Advertising16638 Words   |  67 PagesLanguage of Advertising and Communication via Advertising Contents Introduction 3 Chapter 1. Concept of advertising as an act of communication 7 1.1. Definition of Advertising 7 1.2. Communication and Advertising 8 1.3. Functions of Advertising 12 1.4. Image Advertising 14 1.5. Advertising Text and Slogan 15 1.6. Conclusion 16 Chapter 2. Language of advertising 18 2.1. General CharacteristicsRead MoreLanguage of Advertising and Communication Via Advertising16651 Words   |  67 PagesLanguage of Advertising and Communication via Advertising Contents Introduction 3 Chapter 1. Concept of advertising as an act of communication 7 1.1. Definition of Advertising 7 1.2. Communication and Advertising 8 1.3. Functions of Advertising 12 1.4. Image Advertising 14 1.5. Advertising Text and Slogan 15 1.6. Conclusion 16 Chapter 2. Language of advertising 18 2Read MoreLanguage of Power in Advertising Essay2337 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction I will be looking into the language of power in advertising. The reason I have opted to investigate this topic is because advertising is one of the most powerful and persuasive formulas used in sales industries and many organisations to promote products constantly grabbing our attention. I will be looking at how the language and graphology they use to persuade and encourage readers. It’s remarkable how the majority of the target audience (depending what advertisement it is )Read MoreLanguage of Advertising: Nhs Smoke-Free784 Words   |  4 Pagestactics to scare the viewer into giving up their dangerous habit provoke a topic of conversation but are these extreme methods still not enough to get the message across? Over the years, it is apparent that adverts in general have adapted their advertising language by employing extensive methods of persuasion, instead of focusing on their actual product or purpose. Some may remember when the NHS health campaigns were exactly that; health campaigns, not commercials. Their primary objective was to informRead MoreAn Investigation Into the Language Used in Childrens Advertising4680 Words   |  19 PagesInvestigation into the Language used in Children’s Advertising Contents Hypothesis Introduction Methodology Analysis Conclusion Evaluation Bibliography Appendix Hypothesis In my investigation I am going to analyse the language used in children’s television advertising looking specifically at whether the language used is aimed primarily at the children or their parents. Introduction I have chosen to look at the language used in children’s advertising because I am interestedRead MoreThe Canadian Philosopher Of Communication Theory1533 Words   |  7 PagesThe Canadian philosopher of communication theory, Marshall McLuhan, once said that â€Å"advertising is the greatest art form of the 20th century†. Indeed, we are exposed to numerous advertisements every day. They come at us in many different forms and ways through TV screens, billboards, magazines, web pages, door-to-door sales, and even radio. Advertisements are not fundamentally bad, but a lot of them use manipulative tactic and tricks which influence us in ways we do not even realize. Even thoughRead MoreGetting to the Point (A Comparison of Rhetorical Strategies) Essay1163 Words   |  5 PagesGetting to the Point Advertising is all around us. Companies of all sorts rely heavily on internet, television, print, and various other types of media outlets as means to reach their audience. Advertising aims to bring in more customers and thereby, more profit. All of this is complicated by the fact that, out of the vast number of products and services available, companies want to prove that theirs are the best. From this is born the tricky and unique language of advertising. In their respectiveRead MoreThe Muted Group Theory Of The World Of Communication1627 Words   |  7 Pagesobligated to conform to dominant figures. In the world of communication, men seem to have more influence over women especially in linguistics. Not only is language an important aspect throughout this theory, advertising has remained a crucial part as well. Advertising depicts women and minorities to be mute throughout images, rather than language. It is important to understand Muted Group Theory when dealing with men and wome n and the power each gender has. Keywords: muted, men, women, theory, dominantRead MoreEssay about Comparison of Two Advertisements719 Words   |  3 Pagesof all, I will look at the history of advertising. Most historians believe that the first adverts were signs hung above shop doors in Babylon, now Iraq. This was as early as 3000 B.C. Many people could not read, so these early adverts were often symbols, for example a boot indicated a shoemakers shop. The first mass advertisement in Britain was in about 1472, after Johannes Gutenburg had invented movable type. It was a poster advertising the sale of a book, and was stuck

Sociological Approach to Literature - 1397 Words

Sociological Approach to Literature The study of literature within the discipline of sociology, integrates a concern for meaning and the unique properties inherent in literary texts, reflecting the economics, attitudes, morals and religion of the society that produced the texts.1Each society inter-connected and independent, yet distinct and diverse is influenced by the literature, for there are innumerable instances exemplifying the co-relation of life and literature. The impact of literature is influential on man’s behavior and outlook, moreover, governing the minds of the populace, as proved in the realms of the history, either reinforcing the social system or invalidating it.2From the reserves of the product of a creative and selective†¦show more content†¦If a person is worthy, then he is deserving of that good. If a person is unworthy, then you are one who does good regardless.†13 The message of literature, elucidating the mark of greatest value of human being is humanism, embodied with the intellect which overshadows instinct, to differentiate purified from the contaminated, limiting the access to the beneficial over the hazardous matter. A society build around the technology has covered the grounds of diplomacy, granting in return freedom and equality, which has been claimed and modified, without taking any effect, for inequality of recognition, respect, love, care and solidarity are found in the recent years14, whereas, this piece of advice deals with the equality on the main scale, which in turn envelopes the social structure with the fabric of love. Thus, the individual attains the best diversion from tension, anxiety, worries and fear for masses towards achieving a sense of relief and freedom, moving forward to the goal of perfection and liberation, which is rightly divulged by the culture of Dawoodi Bohras, as acknowledged by Mathew Arnold15: ‘Ha rmonious human perfection can be achieved only by culture, since culture is nothing but the love for the study ofShow MoreRelatedThe Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman1099 Words   |  5 PagesPerkins Gilman. The piece of work concentrates on many different aspects of literature. The Yellow Wallpaper, has an autobiographical element to it. It was written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. The piece of work concentrates on many different aspects of literature. It can be evaluated with ten different types of literary criticism: formalist, biographical, historical, psychological, mythological, sociological, gender, reader-response, deconstructionist, and cultural studies. FormalistRead MoreTheme Of Poverty In Ethan Frome965 Words   |  4 Pagesfocussing on the upper class she was raised in and focuses on the troubles of the lower class. This story is about a man who tries to escape poverty ends up failing.Using the sociological critical approach one is able to hypothesize why Wharton moved from her usual writing style and determine a theme from it. The sociological approach is when one examines the political or economic context in which the story is written. Examining the society and class the author lives or lived in along with the societyRead MoreThomas Drabek and Crisis and Disaster Management Essay870 Words   |  4 Pages Thomas E. Drabek, disaster researcher and prolific author of disaster literature, has been my favorite in both of those categories since I was introduced to his work in one of my first Crisis and Disaster Management (CDM) courses at the University of Central Missouri. His disaster research work and writings have motivated and inspired me to entertain the idea of becoming a disaster researcher. Prior to reading Drabek’s work and especially his book, The Human Side of Disasters, (Drabek, 2010), IRead MoreTheories of Entrepreneurship1647 Words   |  7 Pagesis best described by Drucker’s definition of being someone who ‘always searches for change, responds to it and exploits it as an opportunity (Stokes and Wilson 2006). Drucker’s definition aptly sums up all definitions of an entrepreneur in modern literature as being a risk taker, a catalyst for change, achievement oriented, etc. N.R Smith (1967, cited in Mitra, 2009) classifies entrepreneurs into two broad categories – the ‘Craftsman’ and the ‘Opportunistic’ entrepreneur. The ‘craftsman’ is characterisedRead MoreSocial Disorganization Theory And Crime998 Words   |  4 PagesThis paper will present an analysis of organized crime from a sociological standpoint and uncover that social disorganization creates a need for organized crime i.e drug networks and street gangs which increases the occurrence of violent crime and other social disparities . I will investigate the relationship between the presence of organized crime and social disparities n a disorganized society in my analysis of â€Å"Power†. Literature Review The perspective of social disorganization in criminologyRead MoreFeminism is simply a sociological theory, which states that men and women are equal. Feminism is900 Words   |  4 PagesFeminism is simply a sociological theory, which states that men and women are equal. Feminism is mainly concerned with giving rights to women by highlighting the numerous ways in which women have rendered to society. Feminist theorists believe in the social, political, and economic equality of genders and believe that each has his own rights as well as duties. They strive to give the oppressed women their full rights that are being taken every day. History of Feminism Feminism first started inRead MoreSociology : An American Sociologist C. Wright Mills1204 Words   |  5 Pagesin the sociological world. Sociology also helps us to recognize our position in the society by our â€Å"sociological imagination.† An American sociologist C. Wright Mills created the term sociological imagination to know our interdependent relationship between who we are as individual and the influences around us that shape our lives. By imagining how our actions might look to another person, we can have a better understanding on ourselves and our social worlds. Mills argued that the sociological imaginationRead MoreThe Slave Crucible Analysis1266 Words   |  6 Pagescontributes personal insight into the different aspects of the lives of slaves while â€Å"A Federal Assault† exhibits a generalized viewpoint on the effects of laws such as the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 on the majority of the slave population. Both pieces of literature demonstrate the injustices and demeaning treatment towards African Americans during the 19th century. Pargas’ â€Å"The Slave Crucibles† is structured to provide the personal experiences of slaves by including specific examples and testimonies fromRead MoreSocial Stratification: Through the eyes of Tà ¶nnies and Park1638 Words   |  7 Pagespart of the 20th century, affording each an opportunity to experience radical industrial growth, political and economic upheaval, and the first great international war. Despite these similarities, each theorist offered unique perspectives on the sociological changes they saw around them. In this paper, I will attempt to explore these theories’ similarities and differences as well as apply each to the issue of social stratification and inequality in contemporary society. Ferdinand Tà ¶nnies is bestRead MoreSport Sociology : Sports As A Part Of Cultural And Social Life1577 Words   |  7 PagesSociological Journal Article Literature Review Sport sociology examines sports as a part of cultural and social life, and adds a different dimension and perspective to the study of sport and exercise. More specifically, sport sociology examines the relationship between sports and society and seeks answers to many issues and questions regarding sport and culture. Sociology of sport poses critical and controversial issues; additionally, sports are considered a microcosm of society, the same social

Government Intervention Of The Internet Essay Example For Students

Government Intervention Of The Internet Essay Computer ScienceGovernment Intervention of the InternetDuring the past decade, our society has become based solely on the ability to movelarge amounts of information across large distances quickly. Computerization hasinfluenced everyones life. The natural evolution of computers and this need forultra-fast communications has caused a global network of interconnected computers to develop. This global net allows a person to send E-mail across the world in mere fractions of a second, and enables even the common person to access information world-wide. With advances such as software that allows users with a sound card to use the Internet as a carrier for long distance voice calls and video conferencing, this network is key to the future of the knowledge society. At present, this net is the epitome of the first amendment: free speech. It is a place where people can speak their mind without being reprimanded for what they say, or how they choose to say it. The key to the world-wide success of the Internet is its protection of free speech, not only in America, but in other countries where free speech is not protected by a constitution. To be found on the Internet is a huge collection of obscene graphics, Anarchists cookbooks and countless other things that offend some people. With over 30 million Internet users in the U.S. alone (only 3 million of which surf the net from home), everything is bound to offend someone. The newest wave of laws floating through law making bodies around the world threatens to stifle this area of spontaneity. Recently, Congress has been considering passing laws that will make it a crime punishable by jail to send vulgar language over the net, and to export encryption software. No matter how small, any attempt at government intervention in the Internet will stifle the greatest communication innovation of this century. The government wants to maintain control over this new form of communication, and they are trying to use the protection of chil dren as a smoke screen to pass laws that will allow them to regulate and censor the Internet, while banning techniques that could eliminate the need for regulation. Censorship of the Internet threatens to destroy its freelance atmosphere, while wide spread encryption could help prevent the need for government intervention. The current body of laws existing today in America does not apply well to theInternet. Is the Internet like a bookstore, where servers cannot be expected toreview every title? Is it like a phone company who must ignore what it carriesbecause of privacy? Is it like a broadcasting medium, where the governmentmonitors what is broadcast? The trouble is that the Internet can be all or none ofthese things depending on how its used. The Internet cannot be viewed as onetype of transfer medium under current broadcast definitions. The Internet differs from broadcasting media in that one cannot just happen upon avulgar site without first entering a complicated address, or fo llowing a link fromanother source. The Internet is much more like going into a book store andchoosing to look at adult magazines. (Miller 75). Jim Exon, a democratic senator from Nebraska, wants to pass a decency billregulating the Internet. If the bill passes, certain commercial servers that postpictures of unclad beings, like those run by Penthouse or Playboy, would of coursebe shut down immediately or risk prosecution. The same goes for any amateurweb site that features nudity, sex talk, or rough language. Posting any dirty wordsin a Usenet discussion group, which occurs routinely, could make one liable for a$50,000 fine and six months in jail. Even worse, if a magazine that commonly runssome of those nasty words in its pages, The New Yorker for instance, decided topost its contents on-line, its leaders would be held responsible for a $100,000 fineand two years in jail. Why does it suddenly become illegal to post something thathas been legal for years in print? Exons bill apparen tly would also criminalizeprivate mail, I can call my brother on the phone and say anythingbut if I sayit on the Internet, its illegal (Levy 53). Congress, in their pursuit of regulations, seems to have overlooked the fact that themajority of the adult material on the Internet comes from overseas. Although manyU.S. government sources helped fund Arpanet, the predecessor to the Internet,they no longer control it. Many of the new Internet technologies, including theWorld Wide Web, have come from overseas. There is no clear boundary betweeninformation held in the U.S. and information stored in other countries. Data held inforeign computers is just as accessible as data in America, all it takes is the click ofa mouse to access. Even if our government tried to regulate the Internet, we haveno control over what is posted in other countries, and we have no practical way tostop it. The Internets predecessor was originally designed to uphold communications aftera nuclear attack by rerouting data to compensate for destroyed telephone lines andservers. Todays Internet still works on a similar design. The very nature thisdesign allows the Internet to overcome any kind of barriers put in its way. If amajor line between two servers, say in two countries, is cut, then the Internet userswill find another way around this obstacle. This obstacle avoidance makes itvirtually impossible to separate an entire nation from indecent information in othercountries. If it was physically possible to isolate Americas computers from the restof the world, it would be devastating to our economy. Recently, a major university attempted to regulate what types of Internet access itsstudents had, with results reminiscent of a 1960s protest. A research associate atCarnegie Mellon University conducted a study of pornography on the schoolscomputer networks. Martin Rimm put together quite a large picture collection(917,410 images) and he also tracked how often each image had been downloaded(a total o f 6.4 million). Pictures of similar content had recently been declaredobscene by a local court, and the school feared they might be held responsible forthe content of its network. The school administration quickly removed access to allthese pictures, and to the newsgroups where most of this obscenity is suspected tocome from. A total of 80 newsgroups were removed, causing a large disturbanceamong the student body, the American Civil Liberties Union, and the ElectronicFrontier Foundation, all of whom felt this was unconstitutional. After only half aweek, the college had backed down, and restored the newsgroups. This is a tinyexample of what may happen if the government tries to impose censorship(Elmer-Dewitt 102). Currently, there is software being released that promises to block childrens accessto known X-rated Internet newsgroups and sites. However, since most adults relyon their computer literate children to setup these programs, the children will be ableto find ways around them. This mimics real life, where these children would surelybe able to get their hands on an adult magazine. Regardless of what types ofsoftware or safeguards are used to protect the children of the Information age,there will be ways around them. This necessitates the education of the children todeal with reality. Altered views of an electronic world translate easily into alteredviews of the real world. When it comes to our children, censorship is a far lessimportant issue than good parenting. We must teach our kids that the Internet is aextension and a reflection of the real world, and we have to show them how toenjoy the good things and avoid the bad things. This isnt the governmentsresponsibility. Its ours (Miller 76). Not all restrictions on electronic speech are bad. Most of the major on-linecommunication companies have restrictions on what their users can say. Theymust respect their customers privacy, however. Private E-mail content is off limitsto them, but they may act swiftly u pon anyone who spouts obscenities in a publicforum. Self regulation by users and servers is the key to avoiding government imposedintervention. Many on-line sites such as Playboy and Penthouse have started toregulated themselves. Both post clear warnings that adult content lies ahead andlists the countries where this is illegal. The film and videogame industries subjectthemselves to ratings, and if Internet users want to avoid government imposedregulations, then it is time they begin to regulate themselves. It all boils down toprotecting children from adult material, while protecting the first amendment rightto free speech between adults. Government attempts to regulate the Internet are not just limited to obscenity andvulgar language, it also reaches into other areas, such as data encryption. By nature, the Internet is an insecure method of transferring data. A single E-mailpacket may pass through hundreds of computers from its source to destination. Ateach computer, there is the c hance that the data will be archived and someone mayintercept that data. Credit card numbers are a frequent target of hackers. Views on the British Empire EssayAll that needs to be done is click YES to four questions dealing with exportationand use of the program, and it is there for the taking. This seems to be a lot oftrouble to protect a program from spreading that is already world wide. Thegovernment wants to protect their ability to legally wiretap, but what good does itdo them to stop encryption in foreign countries? They cannot legally wiretapsomeone in another country, and they sure cannot ban encryption in the U.S. The government has not been totally blind to the need for encryption. For nearlytwo decades, a government sponsored algorithm, Data Encryption Standard (DES),has been used primarily by banks. The government always maintained the ability todecipher this code with their powerful supercomputers. Now that new forms ofencryption have been devised that the government cant decipher, they areproposing a new standard to replace DES. This new standard is called Clipper, andis based on the public key algorithms. Instead of software, Clipper is a microchipthat can be incorporated into just about anything (Television, Telephones, etc.). This algorithm uses a much longer key that is 16 million times more powerful thanDES. It is estimated that todays fastest computers would take 400 billion years tobreak this code using every possible key. (Lehrer 378). The catch: At the time ofmanufacture, each Clipper chip will be loaded with its own unique key, and theGovernment gets to keep a copy, placed in escrow. Not to worry, though theGovernment promises that they will use these keys to read your traffic only whenduly authorized by law. Of course, to make Clipper completely effective, the nextlogical step would be to outlaw other forms of cryptography (Zimmerman). If privacy is outlawed, only outlaws will have privacy. Intelligence agencies haveaccess to good cryptographic technology. So do the big arms and drug traffickers. So do defense contractors, oil companies, and other corporate giants. But ordinarypeople and grassroots political organizations mostly have not had access toaffordable military grade public-key cryptographic technology. Until now. PGPempowers people to take their privacy into their own hands. Theres a growingsocial need for it. Thats why I wrote it (Zimmerman). The most important benefits of encryption have been conveniently overlooked bythe government. If everyone used encryption, there would be absolutely no waythat an innocent bystander could happen upon something they choose not to see. Only the intended receiver of the data could decrypt it (using public keycryptography, not even the sender can decrypt it) and view its contents. Eachcoded message also has an encrypted signature verifying the senders identity. Thesenders secret key can be used to encrypt an enclosed signature message, therebysigning it. This creates a digital signature of a message, which the recipient (oranyone else) can check by using the senders public key to decrypt it. This provesthat the sender was the true originator of the message, and that the message hasnot been subsequently altered by anyone else, because the sender alone possessesthe secret key that made that signature. Forgery of a signed message is infeasible,and the sender cannot later disavow his signature(Zimmerman). Gone would bethe hate mail that causes many problems, and gone would be the ability to forge adocument with someone elses address. The government, if it did not have alteriormotives, should mandate encryption, not outla w it. As the Internet continues to grow throughout the world, more governments maytry to impose their views onto the rest of the world through regulations andcensorship. It will be a sad day when the world must adjust its views to conform tothat of the most prudish regulatory government. If too many regulations areinacted, then the Internet as a tool will become nearly useless, and the Internet as amass communication device and a place for freedom of mind and thoughts, willbecome non existent. The users, servers, and parents of the world must regulatethemselves, so as not to force government regulations that may stifle the bestcommunication instrument in history. If encryption catches on and becomes aswidespread as Zimmerman predicts it will, then there will no longer be a need forthe government to meddle in the Internet, and the biggest problem will work itselfout. The government should rethink its approach to the censorship and encryptionissues, allowing the Internet to continue t o grow and mature. Works Cited Emler-Dewitt, Philip. Censoring Cyberspace: Carnegie Mellons Attempt to BanSex from its Campus Computer Network Sends A Chill Along the Info Highway.Time 21 Nov. 1994; 102-105. Lehrer, Dan. The Secret Sharers: Clipper Chips and Cypherpunks. The Nation10 Oct. 1994; 376-379. Let the Internet Backlash Begin. Advertising Age 7 Nov. 1994; 24. Levy, Steven. The Encryption Wars: is Privacy Good or Bad? Newsweek 24Apr. 1995; 55-57. Miller, Michael. Cybersex Shock. PC Magazine 10 Oct. 1995; 75-76. Wilson, David. The Internet goes Crackers. Education Digest May 1995; 33-36. Zimmerman, Phil. (1995). Pretty Good Privacy v2.62, . Available Ftp:net-dist.mit.edu Directory: pub/pgp/dist File: Pgp262dc.zip

The Old Man And The Sea Essays (725 words) - Fisheries,

The Old Man and the Sea The Old Man and the Sea The book The Old Man and the Sea was written by Ernest Hemingway. Ernest Hemingway was both a fisherman and a Nobel Prize winner. The story is set in a small fishing village near the Cuban coast. Hemingways expresses in his tone that he feels sorry for the old man. This is shown because he mentions everything that the old man doesnt have going well for him and also makes the reader realize the pain that the old man goes through. The point of view in The Old Man and the Sea is from that of the old man, Santiago. The Old Man and the Sea is about an old fisherman named Santiago who thinks that his luck has ran out. Before he got old he was a very good fisher and could catch plenty of fish. Now however he hardly ever catches anything. Santiagos young friend Manolin used to fish with him but he had to stop because his parents wanted him to fish with someone who caught something everyday. After weeks of not catching anything, Santiago goes out and catches the largest fish that he has ever seen in his life. He has a hard time getting it up and it takes away all of his strength. He has an even harder time getting it back to the village because it is night and all of the sharks are feeding off of it. He is unable to do anything about the hungry sharks. Upon finally returning to the village, he is so tired that he is not able to worry about this fish and goes directly to his shack and sleeps for an extremely long time. When he is awaken by Manolin, he finds that the fish that he caught was destroyed by the sharks and that all of his efforts were for not. However Manolin encourages Santiago to continue fishing because he still has much to learn about the sea. Santiago is the main character in Hemingways The Old Man and the Sea. He is an old fisherman who seems to have very bad luck at fishing even though when he was younger he was a very good fisherman. Hemingway describes him by saying, Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were cheerful and undefeated. Even though he is old and poor, he still considers himself to be the top dog. Santiago knows that he is not doing very well but he still had to will and the drive to continue fishing, which is what he enjoys doing. Even though the enormous marlin that Santiago catches is an animal, it is still considered to be one of the main characters. The entire book is based around his struggles with this fish. He came unendingly and water poured from his sides. He was bright in the sun and his head and back were dark purple, and in the sun, the stripes on his sides showed wide and light lavender. This is what Santiago sees when he gets his first glimpse of the fish that he has been fighting with for three days. Santiago spends so much time with the marlin that he actually starts to talk to it and call it his brother. He sees the fish as being a superior being, even better and nobler than man is. Santiago establishes his dignity through the code of values that he has because he is a fisherman. His experience as a fisherman gives him the victory that he wins over nature herself in the form of the large marlin and the sharks. When he comes upon the marlin, he knows that he might not be able to return with the whole thing or even any of it. However he continues to fight the fish. After fighting the fish for three days Santiago finally comes away with the largest victory of his life. This increases his pride and his courage. He feels like he is king of the world because he was able to beat such a great fish. Santiago shows that man is not made for defeat. A man can be destroyed but not defeated. Through the struggles of Santiago, Hemingway shows us that we must endure great pain and go through much suffering to reach our highest goals. He tells us that nothing good in life just comes to you. You have to work and work in order to get what you want.